However, after 1848, that only one possible mode of representation (mode of representation) the idea is broken. Enlightenment thought was the absolute uniqueness of the challenge, and eventually reproduce the diversity system is stressed by the alternative argument. In Paris, writers such as Baudelaire, Flaubert, painters such as Monet, they are beginning to explore the mode of representation of different possibilities that exist. They explore the nineteenth century, this has shaken the people worshiped the mathematical language system The discovery of non-Euclidean geometry similar to. at the beginning is experimental, but beginning in 1890, this view in many places quickly developed into a wide variety of thought and experiment; These areas include: Berlin, Vienna, Paris, Munich, London, New York, Chicago, Copenhagen and Moscow; and then in the eve of the First World War reached its peak of development. Most critics agree that this trial wave resulted in the 1910-1915 period (Fujie Virginia . Woolf tend to earlier, and DH Lawrence is considered to be later), people are mean, and what modernism has been a qualitative change in understanding. As Bray Debris and Macfarlane pointed out, in retrospect, we not difficult to find these few years has indeed undergone a dramatic change. Marcel Proust Sri Lanka's ) (in which he compared to the pure language of efficient mechanical technology), which are published in this period some landmark work, they also witnessed the heyday of the Arts Development (Matisse, Picasso, Branco Xi, Duchamp, Braque, Klee, Ji Like, Kandinsky, etc., many of whom work in New York in 1913, the famous days, more than 10,000 people to watch); music (Stravinsky's atonal music), not to mention the great linguistic changes (1911, Saussure proposed theory of structural linguistics; The theory is that words and other words occur through the association, rather than to refer to objects acquire meaning); physics, Einstein's theory of relativity provides support for the non-Euclidean geometry and material proof. Equally important is the 1911 FW Taylor published Melbourne built the first production line.
in such a short period of time, and knowledge of the World reproduce such a fundamental change took place, it is difficult not summed up. How this change has become fundamental to occur issues. There are some elements worthy of our attention.
belief in the inevitability of the loss of progress, as well as the absolute uniqueness of Enlightenment growing concern, no doubt had an impact on these changes. This part concerns the road from turbulence in the class struggle, especially the 1848 revolution and the break, a benevolent capitalist system (which may be caused by the invisible hand of the market to control, may also be respected by Simon times to the power to organize the joint) will make all the people have become beneficiaries of capitalist modernity . This thesis has been the strong opposition of Marx and Engels; and as time goes by, the capitalist class differences led to more and more obvious, it has become increasingly untenable. socialist movement gradually rationality of the Enlightenment unique challenge to modernism and then joined a class of latitude. whether the bourgeoisie or the workers movement to promote and guide the modernist project? cultural producers Which side do they support?
to find answers to these questions is not easy. First of all, the revolutionary political movements together with the direct promotion of the service of politics and modernist art of difficult personal, strong Under certain conditions, an avant-garde artistic ideas can be the vanguard of political parties and political integration. has been the communist parties are trying to Sports and artists (such as Léger Leger, Picasso, Aragon, etc.) are also actively supported the communist movement. However, even if not explicitly involved in political activities, and cultural products will certainly have its own political influence. In any case, Artists are always things around the place with their association; they used observation, reproduction techniques have social significance. For example, before World War I boom modernist innovation, surrounded by the multiple perspectives, modern art is still In promoting universal values. It expresses the alienation and hostility to all hierarchy (even a thematic level, like Cubism, as the performance); constant consumerism of capitalism and way of life to be attacked. this period, resolutely support the spirit of modernism and progress of democratization universalism; even in its The more obvious.
modernism recantation Another reason is that it must be anarchy, chaos and despair to the front counter. these feelings is Nietzsche in the political, economic life is full of amazing anxiety period of turmoil and instability spread - the late nineteenth century, anarchism on the one hand and the struggle against this instability, on the other hand trigger its further development. sexual, psychological and irrational desire (that is, as Freud discovered, Clement special [Klimt] in its smooth reproduction of art in the desire) exacerbated this confusion. Thus, it shares the wave of modernism must be clear that with a language is impossible to reproduce the world. To understand this, it must be to explore multiple perspectives. In general, modern epistemology is a multi-perspectivism and relativism, in order to reveal that despite the complexity of one of its , but it is unified, underlying the true nature of reality.
both the single potential of what constitutes reality is, it's point of view, Lenin once Mach in his risk. In a sense, a war broke out, imperialist struggle, proved the correctness of Lenin's thesis. Of course, there are sufficient reasons to prove Europe faces the many crises of the most basic and enduring qualities. Since the Enlightenment of humanity can be no guarantee of perfection, look for a match with the myth of modernity has become the top priority. For example, surrealist writer Louis. Aragon that he created Paris Peasant established between the modern myth figuratively bridge seems possible. Joyce chose the ; elimination of aesthetic and architectural engineers, the differences between the myth of the hierarchy to give practical 41). but was deified in the end who it is, what happens? This is modernism so-called ; hero perspective on the emergence of Marxism, so to give some kind of aesthetic concepts of social behavior possible; therefore, between different schools of modernism is no longer a struggle of a fleeting. Moreover, this clear understanding of cultural producers chest. modernist aesthetics is essential, but the dangers are great. of the ; a compromise with their myth of rational roots, confusing tangle with the myth of the myth in the hh with the Enlightenment has become the Enlightenment myth of them fell into a complex Williams (William Carlos Williams) are based on the creation of this model .43, for example, Williams is particularly stressed that poetry is nothing but His unusual murals in Detroit, praised times to this theme. It is also progress in the United States during the Great Depression many muralist of the Theme.
. a large number of cultural creators, especially those influential twenties to join the Bauhaus movement and influenced artists have tried to give the goal of social uses (such as human liberation, the liberation of the proletariat, etc. ) in a rational order (the so-called The key lies in the freedom and liberation to be imposed rational order. interwar period, modernism with the remarkable features of positivism; and, by the Vienna Circle (Vienna Circle) untiring efforts, it created A new philosophical schools; to this school after World War II became the center of social thought. logical positivism and technical control force as the embodiment of the advancement of various scientific form together the; 44 Similarly, it is also modern practice of western architecture integration. It is in this period, Housing and Urban were openly seen as together, through the famous Athens Charter in 1933. the Charter in about three years later, on how the practice of modern architecture gives the broad definition.
the basic characteristics of modernism such a limited perspective it is more susceptible to distortion and abuse. Even in the modernist house (think of Chaplin's there is strong opposition. truth ; of the bourgeoisie. economists such as Schumpeter's view of this course is hands in favor.
Italian futurists such a fascination for speed and power, they firmly support the creative destruction and violence, militarism, to As Mussolini became their hero. First World War, Ji Like (De Chirico) test of modernism lost interest in favor of the pursuit of a classical beauty as the foundation of commercial art, mainly as vibrant history of horses and wearing his own clothing, the portrait of narcissism (which all have gained him recognition Mussolini). Similarly, for mechanical efficiency of language and desire to control , an architect of Hitler's men, classicism in his recovery process of the subject, may be the aesthetic principles of modernism intense criticism, but he also is prepared to use many of the techniques of modernism, and a ruthless service in a way that nationalism; this cold and Hitler's engineers designed the Bauhaus concentration camp brutality shown by the construction of almost the same. (see, Lane (Lane) 1985 FAT-provoking study : , and the country's blood and land together proved to be possible. The emergence of the situation, in a sense the modern doctrine, but it is not out of the negative dialectic or a This period, between internationalism and nationalism, between universalism and class politics underlying tensions escalating, and finally evolved into the absolute, the contradictory relationship between insecurity. the face of the Russian revolution, the socialist and communist movements the growing strength of the economy and the collapse of the government and the rise of fascism, it is hard to remain indifferent. attention to the art of politics has become an aspect of modernism. Surrealism, Socialist Realism Structuralism and want to be able to use their different way for the proletariat to become a myth. Russian approach is that it will be fixed in space - as do many European socialist governments - like the famous Vienna Karl construction. Marx compound (Karl Marx-Hof) 47 as the building matter (it is not only designed to resettlement workers, and become a military base for the city to resist any socialist rural conservatives launched the offensive). However, this structure is not stable. doctrine of Socialist Realism against the Joint forces into the volatile middle class united front against fascism.
many avant-garde artists to resist such direct social reference, they opened a large net to capture more of the myth of a universal statement. TS Eliot in his Kingdom (particularly in Africa) were wantonly plundered. interwar period, many people scramble to find a myth, in order to chaos in such turbulent times in the rescue community. Raphael in his Picasso Cable's very clear: he wants to record the face of the historical conditions, I felt completely helpless and political aspects; him to use a so-called eternal truths against a particular historical event made great efforts; he wanted to give people hope and comfort, there is a happy ending, to compensate for the fear of this event, destruction and inhumanity. Picasso, Goya did not see what has been seen: the historical process of change can be achieved only by means of history ; humans can shape their own history, and can not play the secular power of the eternal idea or a so-called automatic device .48
Unfortunately, as Sorel (George Sorel) (1974 year) in his Reflections on Violence style movement there, and it all forms of government forces hostile, but it gradually evolved into a community movement (the thirties, it is attractive Cobb West and others), and became a fascist a powerful tool for right-wing organizations. do unionism on the level of echoes that both groups have some sort of exclusive in the myth. such groups have a clear identity and strong social ties, have their own on the origin and the myth of God. fascism has been cited by large numbers (in the construction, politics and history, etc.) to create their own concept of a series of myths, this should inspire us. Raphael unreasonable interpretation of this phenomenon : Greeks ) of the support, too, in his generalization of the construction machinery reason as the basis for the myth of modern life, the rejection. Heidegger put forward their own diametrically opposed to the action and social action in this volatile world could find the only reliable basis, depending on whether people can be rooted in specific places and specific environmental constraints of tradition. tragic modernist planning is that it imposing of the many myths created (only one of Nazism only) to achieve the political aesthetics of, as the Second World War modernism .
If the period between two world wars, modernism is the Modernism, the exhibition, a kind of living in the dominant society more harmonious relationship between the center of power. For myth about what is appropriate style for day of competition was eased, in part because in the wink of U.S. hegemony under the According to Ford - the Keynesian approach of the international forces organized system itself becomes relatively stable. Sports pursuit of progress and development of human liberation in the form of capitalism has, and political - in the form of economic agents to hold a dominant position.
believe rational planning This modernism but also for designers, artists, architects, critics and other guardians of high quality cultural form created by the elite pioneers. European countries the economic Meanwhile, the international politics and international trade have been the intention of both legalized on the grounds that they are to bring the third world backward and progressive kind of Plastic or aging war-torn cities (urban renewal and updating), recombinant transport systems, building factories, hospitals, schools, all government facilities, as well as the rest of the working class is very likely not be enough housing construction process Modern Architects International Association, Le Corbusier and Mies West. van der Rohe and other ideas to hold a dominant position. in hindsight, we can easily demonstrate such a view: The resulting publicity building awareness as having only Some companies and governments reflect the perfect image of power and prestige; and built for the working class residential project of modernism have become for the post-war development and political - economic stability in the embarrassing position in which to find solutions to capitalism, then the planning of the construction industry and some large-scale industrialization, coupled with high-speed traffic and high density development of technologies, explore is necessary. In this regard, a high degree of modernism was a great success.
In my opinion, its real significance lies in its deep layers of the joint scientific and rational power of praise, although praised by its surface efficient on the machine (it is seen as a manifestation of the desire of all human mythology) overshadowed by the cult. In terms of construction and planning, which means to avoid the decoration and personal design (so that public housing households who can not decorate their living environment to meet individual needs; live in Switzerland, Le Corbusier designed for students in West Hall (Pavillon Suisse) in the student being tormented every summer, as the architect for aesthetic reasons, refuse to install curtains). It also means a huge space, a large number of landscapes, coordination and power lines (Cobb West that is always better than a straight line curve) the prevalence of enthusiasm. Gideon Weng (Giedion) , time, and building Modernist literature - were once considered subversive, incomprehensible or shocking - have been accepted and regarded as a classic authority (in the University and the literary criticism of them).
here Home Er Bute (Guilbaut) in the mean things. World War II, the trauma and the experience of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, and the trauma of a war, is no realistic way with the subject and performance; and such as Rothko (Rothko), Ge Teli Bu (Gottlieb), Jackson. Pollock (Jackson Pollock) and other painters of the abstract expressionist techniques used in the performance of such a demand. However, their work has been able to get center, there are other reasons. First , described the struggle against fascism became the protection of Western culture and civilization, the struggle against barbarism. is a clear denial of the international fascist modernism in the United States, the . With abstract expressionism modernism emerged from the apolitical, but won the political and cultural authority support, be used as weapons of the Cold War ideological struggle. the art is full of alienation and anxiety, fragmentation of the full performance the status and creative destruction (which all are undoubtedly the most appropriate for the performance of the nuclear age); thus the freedom of speech the United States, in the strict sense of individualism and creative freedom of the best examples of faith. Despite the oppression of McCarthyism still occupy a dominant position, Jackson. Pollock paintings have proven challenging, in this policy by the communist totalitarian threats of the world, the United States is a bastion of freedom of the ideal. in which the spiral, there is a turning point in a more circuitous . Gottlieb and Rothko in 1943, wrote: do this, they found a ism characteristics as the United States must be the foundation of Western culture is known for the world. So, accompanied by an Abstract Expressionist, liberalism, Coca-Cola and Chevrolet, is full of consumer durables in the rural areas of the house. Habitat Er Bute Summary that the avant-garde artists, freedom of thought. serve this area of cultural imperialism, we must recognize its importance, which I very much agree with .55 This means that in the history of modernism, art, culture and The first point to modernism itself. For some reactionary and dominated the exclusive domain of the elite, to the established order in its internal reforms (for example, the establishment of a new form of perspectivism) more difficult, except in relatively newer areas of aesthetics, such as movies (in the this area, the works of modernism, such as Wales (Orson Welles) in and the state power or the It is in this context, the sixties, various counter-culture and anti-modern movement sprang out. out of by monopoly companies, governments and other institutions of power in the form (including the official political parties and trade associations ) communication, science-based technology - of rational bureaucratic resistance to oppression, anti-mainstream culture is to open a personal area of self-realization. This self-realization through the distinctive anti-authoritarian stance of the support and oppose the acts of idolatry (in music, clothing, language and life style), and the criticism of daily life to achieve. The movement to the University of Arts as the center, in large cities edge culture and in-depth the streets, and eventually formed a huge wave of rebellion, riots in 1968 which swept the global Chicago, Paris, Prague, Mexico City, Madrid, Tokyo, and Berlin. as if once and Freedom The combination of capitalism and imperialism, the general requirements of modernity can be a great success, even for the world, across borders, and even a high degree of resistance to global hegemony of modernist culture, the struggle to provide material and political basis . Although by its own standards, the 1968 campaign was a failure, but it still should be considered as the emergence of postmodernism in the cultural and political aura. Thus, in 1968 and 1972, we have seen after Modernism as a fledgling (though still not coherent) movement from the sixties in his breakthrough anti-modern movement.
No comments:
Post a Comment